New study maps four key pathways to Alzheimer’s disease

UCLA Health researchers have identified four distinct pathways that lead to Alzheimer’s disease by analyzing electronic health records, offering new insights into how the condition develops over time rather than from isolated risk factors.

The study, published in the journal eBioMedicine, examined longitudinal health data from nearly 25,000 patients in the University of California Health Data Warehouse and validated findings in the nationally diverse All of Us Research Program.

Unlike previous research that focused on individual risk factors, the UCLA analysis mapped sequential diagnostic patterns that revealed how conditions progress step-by-step toward Alzheimer’s disease.

“We found that multi-step trajectories can indicate greater risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease than single conditions,” said first author Mingzhou Fu, a medical informatics pre-doctoral student at UCLA. “Understanding these pathways could fundamentally change how we approach early detection and prevention.”

The research identified four major trajectory clusters:

• Mental health pathway: Psychiatric conditions leading to cognitive decline
• Encephalopathy pathway: Brain dysfunction conditions that escalate over time
• Mild cognitive impairment pathway: Gradual cognitive decline progression
• Vascular disease pathway: Cardiovascular conditions that contribute to dementia risk

Each pathway showed distinct demographic and clinical characteristics, suggesting that different populations may be vulnerable to different progression routes.

The study found that approximately 26% of diagnostic progressions showed consistent directional ordering. For example, hypertension often preceded depressive episodes, which then increased Alzheimer’s risk.

“Recognizing these sequential patterns rather than focusing on diagnoses in isolation may help clinicians improve Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis,” said lead author Dr. Timothy Chang, assistant professor of Neurology at UCLA Health.

When validated in an independent population, these multi-step trajectories predicted Alzheimer’s disease risk more accurately than single diagnoses alone. This finding suggests that health care providers could use trajectory patterns for:

• Enhanced risk stratification: Identifying high-risk patients earlier in disease progression
• Targeted interventions: Interrupting harmful sequences before they advance
• Personalized prevention: Tailoring strategies based on individual pathway patterns

The validation in the All of Us Research Program—a diverse, nationally representative cohort—confirmed that these trajectory patterns apply across different populations and demographics.

The team analyzed 5,762 patients who contributed 6,794 unique Alzheimer’s progression trajectories. Using advanced computational methods including dynamic time warping, machine learning clustering, and network analysis, researchers mapped the temporal relationships between diagnoses leading to Alzheimer’s disease.